Environmental economics

 MA ECONOMICS

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS

Environment and Economy

Environmental Economics

Environmental Economics can be defined as that part of Economics which deals with the inter-relationship between environment and economic development. It focuses on the application of the principles of economics to study why and how human beings interact with their environment the way they do, how they use and manage the environmental resources, and what are the impacts of human activities on the environment. It also seeks to understand environment issues and to make necessary policies. Environment Economics incorporate various economic disciplines to study about the environment- economic linkages and externalities arising out of it. Environmental Economics involves non- market goods, amenities and services and economic problems associated with it. Environmental Economics is more anthropocentric. Economics development focused on controlled pollution and optimal use of resources are its objectives.

Ecological Economics

‘Ecology’ literally means the study of habitat. It involves the set of relationships between living and non-living elements. Ecological Economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with it focus upon preserving natural capital with strong view of sustainability and reject the proposition that human made or physical capital can substitute for natural capital.

Natural Resource Economics

Natural resource Economics deals with the supply, demand and allocation of the Natural resources. Main objective of Natural resource Economics is to better understand the role of natural resources in economy in order to develop more sustainable methods of managing those resources to ensure their availability to future generations. Resource economists study interactions between economic and natural systems, with the goal of developing a sustainable and efficient economy.

 Economy and the Environment and interlinkages

The environment performs four vital functions they are:

1. Supplies renewable and non- renewable resources.

2. Assimilate wastes by either absorbing them or dispersing them.

3. Provides life support services by maintaining ecological balance and genetic diversity.

4. Provides natural services such as aesthetic enjoyment and recreation.

All the functions of the environment are interlinked and these functions have positive economic use. Thus, the economy is clearly a part of the environment.

Interlinkages

The word ecology and economics have the same root from the Greek word ‘Oikos’ means house. These two sciences are interdisciplinary subjects. Because Ecology is the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment. Where as, the economic theory studies how the resources can be efficiently allocated to maximize human happiness. It is concerned with transformation of environmental goods into economic goods.

An integrated approach to environment problems is needed to identify both curative and preventive aspects. The various social science such as Economics, Sociology and Anthropology offer preventive tools for proper environmental planning and management. Due to this multidisciplinary nature and linkages of environmental issues several economists have called for an integrated study of Economics and Ecology.

For example, in the production process nature is polluted by emissions and wastes. Hence a conflict arise due to sustainability of ecological system and rate of economic growth. Hence, to reconcile the interests of human beings and nature, an ecological reoriented economic policy is required. This is the interlinkages between economy and environment.

For making the interlinkages more clear, a diagrammatic illustration can be made:

Here the economy is shown in two sectors, namely production and consumption. Exchange of goods and services, and factors of production takes place between these two sectors. The environment is shown as E1,E2 and E3. The production sector uses energy and materials from the nature and these are transformed into output and finally consumed. The generation of waste material also happens and some of them are recycled within the production stage itself (R1) and During the consumption stage (R2).

Thus, the environment supplies resources both renewable and non-renewable resources and it absorbs waste products.

Courses of River

Digital lesson plan

Name of the teacher    : Aparna Suresh

Subject                            : Social Science

Class                                : 9B

Chapter                           : By The Hands Of Nature

Topic                               : Courses of a River

Date                                 : 28.09.2022

Learning outcomes

1. Students will be able to analyse the origin and flow of a river

2. Students will be able to understand different stages of a river

3. Students will be able to evaluate the reason for formation of different landforms near river

Introduction

Teacher shows a video of flowing river and asks students to share their views and experience about river.

https://youtu.be/rl4SldJ76JE

Then teacher explains different Courses of rivers and its peculiarities.

Courses of a river

The river is divided into 3 different parts.

1. Upper Course – This part is closest to the source of the river. The land is usually high and mountainous. The river is fast flowing in this part.

2. Middle Course – In this part the river starts to slow down. It gets wider and starts travelling in winding loops. There is a lot of erosion, deposition and transportation.

3. Lower Course – It is the last course of the river. In this part, the river approaches the sea. The speed of the river is the slowest in this part.

Activity

Teacher ask the Students to discuss in groups about the erosional and depositional features and various landforms of water.

What are the Main Features of a River?

There are many features of a river, which can be broadly classified into erosional features and depositional features.

Below table gives the list of features of a river

Erosional Features

 1. Interlocking Spurs

2. Meanders

3. Ox-Bow lakes

4. V-shaped valleys

5. Waterfalls

Depositional Features

 1. Deltas

2. Flood Plain

3. Levee’s

Concluding Activity

Teacher shows two videos and asks the Students to analyse and write a breaf note on it.

Follow up activities

Collect pictures of different erosional and depositional landforms of water and make a collage.

Landslide

 Landslide

Learning outcomes

• Students will be able to analyze the process of landslide

• Students will be able to evaluate the causes and consequences of landslide

• Students will be able to define landslide and remedial measures.

  Landslides, also known as landslips are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, shallow or deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or gentle slope gradients, from mountain ranges to coastal cliffs or even underwater, in which case they are called submarine landslides.

PPT Landslide 

Watch my vedio on landslide

Summery

A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. These are further subdivided by the type of geologic material (bedrock, debris, or earth). Debris flows (commonly referred to as mudflows or mudslides) and rock falls are examples of common landslide types.

Questions

1. When a boulder tumbles down a hillside, it's a good example of what type of landslide?

2. If a large amount of debris, rock and soil slides down a slope, it is what type of landslide?

3. Land slide can be defined as?

Fill out the questions below 

Commonomics

COMMONOMICS

Commonomics is nothing but common sense Economics which is needed for personal and societal survival and development. According to Dr.Ridgely Abdul Mu'Min Muhammad, "Commonomics" is a conceptual model and analytical tool that allow almost anyone to understand how economies work and how well the economy is working. Here we are dealing with Economics in Common Man's Sense. Commonomics facilitates common man to understand the rhythm of  working of an economy. How: prices are fixed, consumers are forced to buy, budgets are planned, stoke markets clash, banks work, economies developing or clashing, different countries are associating and how society works. 

Commonomics includes management of everything around us in its micro and macro levels. There is no such a defined branch for Economics in this head,  this is merely an attempt to make complex economics concepts simple and clear to everyone and equip them to think rationally about the economic activities.